The Development of Attachment Theory and Its Strengths and...

The Development of Attachment Theory and Its Strengths and Limitations English psychiatrist John Bowlby is a leading and influential figure within the history of social reform. His work has influenced social work policies and legislation relating to child psychiatry and psychology. Bowlby was trained as a psychoanalyst, and was influenced by Freudians theories, but became influenced again in his attachment theory by the work of ethologists. The ethologists theory concentrates on looking at the role parents play rather than only the child. Bowlby believes that parenting has strong ties with biology and it explains why there are such strong emotions attached. Bowlby’s main idea was that of the main†¦show more content†¦The studies revealed that the monkeys chose to feed from the uncomfortable wire support first then went on to cling to the comfortable and warm cloth covered support, this revealed that contact comfort was more important than just being fed. These monkeys went onto becoming severely debilitated in their social relationsh ips and also made incapable parents. Bowlby also believed that another important aspect in the development of child rearing is the importance of timing. There is a critical period of bonding between mother and baby which must take place at 6-12 hours after the birth; the contact must take place within that time otherwise attachment risks failure. This belief comes from the ethologists influence of imprinting with young animals primarily goslings. Lorenz (1935) revealed strong bonds with non-humans with first moving objects that they encounter; which was not always with the mother. In precocial species the mobile young animal needs to quickly identify its caregiver and remain close to them for survival. This is known as imprinting. As this happens before any feeding has taken place the study on Rhesus monkeys does not apply in the same way. Firstly Lorenz used goslings which are called precocial; meaning that they quickly develop to move around, and have well developed sense organs. Human babies take much longer to become thatShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Importance of Attachment for the Childrens Development869 Words   |  4 PagesAttachment theory is the idea that a child needs to form a close relationship with at least one primary caregiver. The theory proved that attachment is necessary to ensure successful social and emotional development in an infant. It is critical for this to occur in the child’s early i nfant years. However, failed to prove that this nurturing can only be given by a mother (Birns, 1999, p. 13). Many aspects of this theory grew out of psychoanalyst, John Bowlby’s research. 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Alan Menken s The Whole New World - 1554 Words

Alan Menken, a famous Composer, Actor, and Artist, was born on July 22,1949 in New Rochelle, New York. Alan received a taste of the music life from the start, his mother, Judy Menken, was a young actress/playwright and his father, Norman Menken, DDS, was a piano playing dentist (Biography Comments 1). His whole family loved Broadway musicals and they spent many nights together just listening to his father play piano, Alan once said, â€Å"I showed an interest in piano at a very young age, but I hated to practice, so when my parents left the room I d make up my own version of the piece. That s how I started composing† (The Whole New World of Alan Menken 1). Menken lived a very happy and prosperous childhood at home with his sisters Faye and Leah until 1966 when he moved out to attend college. He attended New York University’s College of Arts and Sciences with a Musicology degree, and was admitted into the BMI Musical Theater Workshop, where he wrote small musicals for th em but would also sneak away to the piano room and compose songs that he kept to himself. In 1968 he wrote his first musical, Separate Ways, for NYU. (Biography Comments 1). When Menken graduated from NYU, he wrote a few musicals for The Downtown Ballet Company that were not very successful, but he considers it one of the best moments of his life because it is where he met a ballet dancer who eventually became his wife of forty-four years, Janis Roswick. Still working for the Musical Theater Workshop, MenkenShow MoreRelatedMusic Is An Identifying Characteristic Of Film And Television1986 Words   |  8 Pageslargely due to the genius creative mind of Alan Menken. Menken is best known for composing the scores for some of the most beloved Disney classics, including Aladdin, Beauty and the Beast, The Little Mermaid, Hercules, Pocahontas, and Tangled. He also made his mark composing for highly acclaimed Broadway musicals, including Little Shop of Horrors and Newsies, as well as the sta ge adaptations of some of his Disney hits. The familiar songs composed by Menken are permanently ingrained in our minds andRead MoreScope of Demography8788 Words   |  36 Pagesimprovement. Such policy involvement did not become controversial until the 3 twentieth century when controversy arose, first over focusses on migrants and differential fertility in response to the eugenic s movement, and later over research appearing to support the call for a curb on Third World fertility (cf. Hodgson 1983; Szreter 1993). 6. Demographers are suspicious of the study of individuals and small groups, feeling that such persons are significant only when it can be shown what fraction of

Chapters 11

Chapters 11-12 Essay Chapter 11: In the land of the dead, Odysseus meets Elpenor first, who is sad that his body was not buried. Elpenor tells him where his body has washed up on shore, and asks him to bury it when he reaches that area.Odysseus then meets Tiresias, who was a prophet from Thebes. Tiresias prophesizes that Odysseus will die while sailing, but at an old age and not from a war. Odysseus meets his mother, whom he did not know had died during the time he had been away from Ithaca. His mother Antikleia tells him about the unkind suitors who are wasting his fortune and being rude to his wife and son. After Alkinoos and Arete, the rulers of the Phaiakians, interrupt Odysseus to praise his storytelling ability, Odysseus continues his story. Odysseus meets Agamemnons ghost, who was killed by his wife when he returned from the Trojan War. He also meets Achilles, the hero of the Iliad, who is now the leader of the dead souls. They all reminisce about the Trojan War, and mourn as well. The final perso n Odysseus meets is Hercules, who although he was half-god, eventually died. Odysseus returns to Circes island, and from there they set sail for Ithaca again. Chapter 12: Circe warns Odysseus about the Sirens, evil monsters that he will encounter on his travels. The first Siren that they pass is Skylla, who is a monster that lives in a cave. Six men die, but Odysseus ship is able to pass by Skylla. Then, they pass by Charibdis, the other Siren, who is a sea-storm kind of monster. After this, they land on Thrinaka. They have very little food, and attempt to fish and hunt. Although they were warned not to, Odysseus and his men eat the sacred cattle of Helios. After they have set sail again, a storm comes, and Odysseus loses all of his crew and the final ship in the storm, but he is able to take refuge at Calypsos island, where she keeps him as a well-treated prisoner until the events were set in motion that landed him in Phaiakia. Chapter 13: Finished with his story, the Phaiakians offer Odysseus a ride home on their ships that are blessed by Poseidon so that they travel faster than any normal ship. The Phaiakians sail him to Ithaca very quickly, and leave him asleep on the shore. Poseidon is angry that the Phaiakians have helped an enemy of his, and so he turns their boat to stone, but spares their city because Zeus tells him to.When Odysseus wakes up, he thinks that he is not in Ithaca, but Athena appears to him in a disguised human form and tells him that he is. Odysseus lies to her when she asks him who he is and where he comes from. She then reveals himself to her, and praises and chastises him for his artful lying. Athena explains that Poseidons anger kept her from helping him more than she had. Odysseus sets up in a nearby cave, and Athena helps him become more deceptive by changing his appearance so he can travel in Ithaca unrecognized. Chapter 14: Odysseus travels to the home of Eumaios, who was a loy al servant and pig shepherd for Odysseus. Eumaios offers him food and a place to stay, and proves his loyalty to the disguised Odysseus. Odysseus lies to Eumaios when asked who he is and where he comes from. He pretends to be a veteran of the Trojan War, on the Trojan side, who had troubles in Egypt. He even pretends that he has heard news that Odysseus has died. Eumaios doesnt quite believe Odysseus, but still treats him well, sharing what food and comfort he has.Odysseus asks for some clothing in a tricky way, by telling a story, and Eumaios willingly gives it to him and lets Odysseus sleep in his bed, while he sleeps with his pigs. Chapters 15-16 Chapter 15: Meanwhile, Athena finds Telemachus in Sparta, and tells him that he needs to return to Ithaca. Telemachus asks Menelaus his host if he can leave, and Menelaus grants him permission after lots of gift-giving, and pomp and circumstance. Telemachus returns through Pylos, but avoids speaking with Nestor, who tends to be wordy. Du ring the land trip, Telemachus meets a fugitive named Theoklymenos, who begs him for mercy and a safe place to reside. Telemachus is merciful and takes Theoklymenos with him on the return to Ithaca. Meanwhile, Eumanios tells Odysseus his story. He used to be a prince, but he was kidnapped by his evil nurse and sold into slavery. The story turns back to Telemachus, who has returned to Ithaca and has offered his home and food to Theoklymenos. Chapter 16: Telemechaus visits Eumaios, and they greet each other like a father and son, since Eumaios served as a surrogate father when Odysseus was gone. Telemachus complains to Eumaios about his troubles with the suitors, and tells Eumaios to let Penelope know that he has returned from Pylos. When Eumaios leaves, Odysseus reveals himself to Telemachus, who first mistakes him for a god, but eventually they both reconcile and cry out of happiness. ALEXANDER THE GREAT EssayChapters 21-22 Chapter 21: Penelope begins the archery contest. She gets Odysseus bow, and promises that she will marry the suitor who best uses it. Telemachus sets up the targets, but he cannot string the bow. All of the other suitors fail as well, and do not hit any of the targets. Odysseus talks to Eumaios in another room, and reveals himself to the pig shepherd. Eumaios pledges his loyalty and willingness to help fight the suitors. Then Odysseus comes back to the archery contest, and asks if he can try to shoot the bow. The suitors threaten Odysseus, but Penelope demands that he be allowed to shoot the bow. The suitors begrudgingly agree, but they send Penelope away from the hall. Odysseus, since it is his bow, strings it easily, and shoots the arrow through all of the targets at once, as they are set in a straight line. The suitors realize that they are screwed, and Telemachus begins to draw his sword. Chapter 22: Odysseus reveals himself, and the battle begins in earnest. Telemachus runs to get some armor while Odysseus kills with his bow and arrows. Melanthios, the disloyal servant, helps the suitors, but Odysseus ties him up. Athena helps Odysseus in the form of Mentor. These three kill all of the suitors, and do not accept any pleas for mercy. The only ones who are spared are ones who did not fight, the singer, and Medon, a loyal servant who hid during the fighting.Odysseus summons Eurykleia, who rejoices at the slaughter. He asks her to tell him which female servants have been loyal, and which have been disloyal, and the disloyal servants are killed along with Melanthios. Chapter 23: Eurykleia wakes Penelope and tells her that Odysseus has returned. She doesnt believe the nurse, and when she meets him, their reunion is awkward. Odysseus proves his identity by describing in detail the structure of their marriage bed, and so she finally breaks down and asks for forgiveness. Odys seus tells her the story of his wanderings, and they make love for the first time in twenty years. Chapter 24: The suitors, in the land of the dead, tell Agamemnon and Achilles about Odysseus killing them. Odysseus finds his father, Laertes, and the reunion is happy. Meanwhile, the relatives of the suitors plan revenge on Odysseus for their deaths. Both sides begin to gather warriors, but before they can fight, Athena comes down in a goddess form and forces a peace on both of the sides. So, Odysseus is restored to his home and has taken vengeance on the evil suitors-fin

Types of Essays Essays - Writing, Human Communication, Essay

Types of Essay's Narrative Essays: Telling a StoryIn a narrative essay, the writer tells a story about a real-life experience. While telling a story may sound easy to do, the narrative essay challenges students to think and write about themselves. When writing a narrative essay, writers should try to involve the reader by making the story as vivid as possible. The fact that narrative essays are usually written in the first person helps engage the reader. "I" sentences give readers a feeling of being part of the story. A well-crafted narrative essay will also build towards drawing a conclusion or making a personal statement. Expository Essays: Just the FactsThe expository essay is an informative piece of writing that presents a balanced analysis of a topic. In an expository essay, the writer explains or defines a topic, using facts, statistics, and examples. Expository writing encompasses a wide range of essay variations, such as the comparison and contrast essay, the cause and effect essay, and the "how to" or process essay. Because expository essays are based on facts and not personal feelings, writers don't reveal their emotions or write in the first person.

Due to the fact that I am an enormous music lover

Due to the fact that I am an enormous music lover, it is anything but irrelevant that I have a favorite band. That band without a doubt is Pearl Jam. The songs Pearl Jam write are so real, that it makes perfect sense why their fans love them so much. Pearl Jams songs tell stories that their fans can either relate to or speak from their own dealings. Led by lead singer Eddie Vedders outstanding lyrical writing and extremely powerful and intense, yet comforting voice, Pearl Jam in my opinion is the greatest band in the world. A week before seeing my sophomore Pearl Jam show, my girlfriend of a little over a year decided it would be best if we broke up. Seeing that I did not agree with her, it made it a little hard looking forward to seeing Pearl Jam for their August 14th show in New Orleans. It did not take long however to be swept into the depths of the emotional waters, and found myself listening to Pearl Jam and Eddie Vedders lyrics over and over again and again. In his voice, I once again found the median to survive, and not just to survive, but to keep going strong, and to enjoy whatever life gives you. So, the show was The original plan was for Adam and Kenny, two of my roommates to accompany myself, along with my precious ex-girlfriend. Well, seeing that as being out of the question, I gave the extra ticket to my remaining roommate Jennifer. We left Hattiesburg around four o clock in order to arrive and to be parked and seated in the New Orleans seven o clock show began. We arrived at the arena and grabbed as much merchandise as possible before the show started. As we sat in the arena, listening to complete noise and static by the opening band, Sonic Youth, we were trying to find the quickest route to Tylenol city when I realized that we could not smoke in the arena. I, sadly enough, being

Famous First Lines of Novels

Famous First Lines of Novels The first lines of novels set the tone for the story to come. And when the story becomes a classic, the first line can sometimes become as famous as the novel itself, as the quotes below demonstrate. First-Person Introductions Some of the greatest novelists set the stage by having their protagonists describe themselves in pithy but powerful sentences. Call me Ishmael. - Herman Melville, Moby Dick (1851) I am an invisible man. No, I am not a spook like those who haunted  Edgar Allan Poe; nor am I one of your Hollywood-movie ectoplasms. I am a man of substance, of flesh and bone, fiber and liquids and I might even be said to possess a mind. I am invisible, understand, simply because people refuse to see me. - Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man  (1952) You dont know about me without you have read a book by the name of The Adventures of  Tom  Sawyer; but  that aint no matter. -  Mark Twain,  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn   (1885) Third-Person Descriptions Some novelists start by describing their protagonists in the third person, but they do it in such a telling way, that the story grips you and makes you want to read further to see what happens to the hero. He was an  old man  who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish. -  Ernest Hemingway,  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹The Old Man and the Sea  (1952) Many years later, as he faced the firing squad, Colonel Aureliano Buendia was to remember that distant afternoon when his father took him to discover ice. -  Gabriel Garcia Marquez, One Hundred Years of Solitude​ Somewhere in la Mancha, in a place whose name I do not care to remember, a gentleman lived not long ago, one of those who has a lance and ancient shield on a shelf and keeps a skinny nag and a greyhound for racing. -  Miguel de Cervantes,  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Don Quixote When  Mr.  Bilbo Baggins of Bag End announced that he would shortly be celebrating his eleventy-first birthday with a party of special magnificence, there was much talk and excitement in Hobbiton. - J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings (1954-1955) Starting With It Some novels start out with such original wording, that you feel compelled to read on, though you remember that first line until you finish the book and long thereafter. It was a bright cold day in April, and the clocks were striking thirteen. - George Orwell, ​1984 (1949) It was a dark and stormy night ... . - Edward George Bulwer-Lytton, Paul Clifford (1830) It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair. - Charles Dickens, ​A Tale of Two Cities (1859) Unusual Settings And, some novelists open their works with brief, but memorable, descriptions of the setting for their stories. The sun shone, having no alternative. -  Samuel Beckett, Murphy (1938), There is a lovely road that runs from Ixopo into the hills. These hills are grass-covered and rolling, and they are lovely beyond any singing of it. - Alan Paton, ​Cry, the Beloved Country (1948) The sky above the port was the color of television, tuned to a dead channel. - ​William Gibson, Neuromancer (1984)

Ethics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethics - Research Paper Example These topics are applied to the case of Mrs. Z, who is diagnosed with breast cancer but refuses to take additional treatment and disclose her medical condition to her family. This paper analyzes the ethical dilemma inherent in the case and how can the healthcare team resolve this through the application of ethical theories and principles in nursing. B. Justify the Importance of Ethical Theory to Nursing The key role of theories is to provide individuals with a worldview or perspective which may guide them in identifying, describing, explaining, or predicting phenomenon or formulating measures which will facilitate the phenomenon. The competencies that nurses use in the process of ethical decision making are not enough to make appropriate and coherent ethical decision (Lachman, 2012). There are several theories that are drawn upon to help nurses resolve ethical dilemmas. Ethical theories take into account the purpose or motive of the nurse, the techniques exercised by the nurse to car ry out the act, and the outcomes of the act. There are four ethical theories that are widely used in nursing practice, namely utilitarianism, deontology, virtue, and egoist (Fairchild, 2010). Utilitarianism is usually viewed as asserting that the decision-making process is based on the ‘greater good’. Deontology is rooted in the notion of duty. Nurses have a binding obligation to pursue acts that will benefit their patients. Virtue theory states that the motive of the individual making the ethical decision is what establishes whether or not the decision was ethical or good. If the purpose was good, then even though the result was bad, the decision would still be moral. And egoist theory promotes the concept of rational self-interest (Fairchild, 2010; Paganini & Egry, 2011). B.1. Provide one example that shows the importance of ethical theory as it applies to nursing practice Mrs. Z refuses to undergo life-preserving treatment and disclosure of her medical diagnosis to h er family after being diagnosed with breast cancer. Dr. F and the nurse confront a typical ethical dilemma: they desire to prevent the perceived ‘harm’ of Mrs. Z’s condition. Nevertheless, they also desire to fulfill the ‘good’ of valuing the informed decision of the patient and prevent the ‘harm’ of violating her autonomy. In this case the process of ethical decision making will require analysis of similarly firm but contradictory ideas—respect for patient autonomy vs. the preservation of life. In this case the healthcare team may look at the deontological side of the situation to determine if their actions are in accordance to the rules and guidelines of their profession. On the other hand, virtue ethics will help determine if their actions are according to moral or good intention. C. Relate the Principle of Confidentiality to the Concept of Reasonable Limits Confidentiality is the obligation to protect and respect private infor mation. The rule of confidentiality states that nurses should give respect to their patients’ privacy needs and use private details about them only to enhance their care (Longhi-Deshefy et al., 2004). Healthcare professionals must observe confidentiality to

Research report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Research report - Essay Example versal view of their connection list that are constructed in the system.† Information and technology bequeath the present society with numerous interactive segments with the help of internet and gadgets of communication. Numerous interactive segments are provided by the social network sites depending on the motives of their founders. There are for example business, academics, sports, political, social, religion, and romantic platforms. It can be said that these sites are in position to entertain, inform, educate, and to create very strong feelings on their followers. Ever since they started, social sites such as twitter, Skype, MySpace, and Facebooks, among others have reportedly become ‘attention-grabbers’ for majority of those who use them as they have taken them as part and parcel of their day to day routine (Pedrycz, W., & Chen, S.-M. 2014). Presently there are numerous sites with varying features geared to suit their followers’ interests, and can be accessed through gadgets that have internet access. Basically social network sites are online services or platforms that aim at reflecting and building people’s relationship socially those for instance that have or share common activities and interests. The fame of social network sites increases as each second unfolds. They have become important tool of communication to their users and because of this trend learning institutions are now increasing using them to interact with learners as well as member of the teaching staff. Because of their continued use of social network sites drastic steps are being outlined by institutions to enlighten their students on social network sites usage and most so psychological dangers, legal issues, socio-economic and privacy issues. It also encourages students to live together and in harmony, bringing workload and additional responsibility, and collaborating and sharing which may appear to be forced and inflexible to some students (Naidu, 2005). In his studies, Gross

Attrition in Pharma Industry Essay Example for Free

Attrition in Pharma Industry Essay Insights of attrition rate of Medical representatives in Pharma companies and innovative ways to improve them. Overview: Attrition refers to the reduction in staff and employees of company by normal means. The primary focus is to present the high attrition rate seen in the pharmaceutical market industry, its causes and controlling strategy for retention of Pharma sales representatives. Though attrition is a natural phenomena in all industries, Indian Pharma marketing industries is worst plagued by it. After IT and BPO, Pharma marketing industries experience the greatest rate of employee leaving the company for various reasons. While global Pharma marketing attrition rate is 10-12% per annum, the rate of employees who leave the organization in India is 25 -30 %. The attrition is more prevalent in the middle and junior management level, due to which majority of the companies have understood the criticality of talent management. Retention is always a big challenge for any organization in today’s time frame. Indian Pharma companies have started paying attention towards the retainment and management of the Medical Representatives to gain key and valuable employees back into the company. High attrition rate of MR happens due to following reasons: 1) External factors The demand of fresh talent is more. The companies are looking for fresh talent to incorporate new ideas but the supply is very less, career view point of many young people to join as MR is just to prevent the ‘Stop Gap’ in their career path. The demand-supply imbalance leads to significant efforts to retain and attract a skilled Medical Representative. This has led to higher salary hikes in the Pharma sector than most other sectors .This is clearly a challenge in an industry which is very knowledge and relationship driven. 2) Internal factors It has been observed that many MR leave their job during the first 3 months itself due to the reasons like they were not serious about their job, They were overqualified and lost interest in their job, They might even be under-qualified and felt bogged down by the challenges of the job, They lack motivation, feel less growth in career path, Monotonous work, limited  training and development opportunities, wor king environment as well salary and compensation becomes an important issue in some cases etc. Now to meet the global competitiveness; Pharma companies have transformed their survival strategy to competitive strategy as a result there is huge pressures on the shoulder of medical representatives for higher secondary sales achievement and thereby constantly poking the field force which eventually leads to attrition. So the people change organizations frequently. Similarly poor management is also one of the key factors responsible for leaving the organizations. There is a popular saying â€Å"employee leaves the boss not the organizations. â€Å" Poor management includes lack of support to the employee, lack of transparent career growth ladder, adverse relation between the boss and subordinates, lack of motivation. Psychological relationship between leaders and employee is very crucial for sticking of employee in a particular organization. Thus, Organization culture also plays a significant role in sticking of Pharma sales representative in the same company for long run. Retention of the talented employees is always the most important agenda for any company to grow. Sometimes monetary benefits can help as by recent survey it was shown that more and more medical representatives are moving in insurance, telecommunications etc as they are paid double in those sectors but only monetary benefits are not sufficient to retain them it ultimately becomes a hygiene factor in talent management. Thus looking for new methods for attracting, motivating and retaining them becomes very important. Being the first line manager few suggestions to reduce attrition rate: 1. Treat employees as you like to be treated:  Treating and handling the employee with appreciation and care is most necessary. While addressing or pointing out their problems they shouldn’t be criticized and rather should be explained in a courteous manner. The sales representative undergoes a lot of pressures and tensions regarding the achievement of targeted sales so, they should be motivated continuously and should be dealt in same manner as the first line manager or other seniors would like to be treated. Incentives like give free monthly travelling passes, movie tickets, etc. can be given. 2. Ask employees for their opinions and implement the good ideas: Having equal contribution from the entire sales force representatives can have an impact over representative’s mind that their ideas and thoughts are valued and are taken into consideration when need arises. Having certain schemes for bringing about certain new ideas to increase the sales level should be implemented, this shall bring about a flow of innovative ideas and also execution of those ideas will bring about a sense of dignity among employee. 3. Reward those that go above and beyond the call of duty: Certain incentives can be granted when a particular sales representative works excellently and achieves sales beyond the targeted levels. There could also be certain cases when an employee performs or outdoes something which wasn’t achieved by any employee in the company before, for that he should be acknowledged well and should be awarded like salesman of the year, highest target achiever, fastest target achiever, etc. and they should be felicitated in front of the whole company instead of felicitating through emails. 4. Take very good care of your star performers or someone else will: Taking good care of star performers is very essential. Their qualities maybe unique and selling strategies might be very effective. Interacting and making them comfortable about their job shall retain the employee in the company and chances of him leaving the company for another might reduce to some extent. If they are performing really well incentives like foreign trips, etc. can be given. 5. Communicate with your staff: Sales peoples sometimes feel that the company doesn’t care enough for them. So, the higher level executives can make a point to interact with them at a time and get a knowhow about what problems they are facing on the field and other certain issues. First line manager should always communicate through all the sessions with each employee and have discussion regarding all the sales meet and problems related to those the sales rep might’ve had. 6. Hold skip level meetings to make sure that you’re Managers/Directors  are treating their staff correctly: Skip level meetings by higher ups can bring about more peachy feeling in the employee they might feel the concern and guardianship from top executives. This shall further charge and motivate them for the tasks they perform. 7. Build career planning for each employee: If employee wants to pursue further education the company can help by providing him admission in collaborated institutions- tailor made courses as well as sponsoring its education thus meeting the need of the employee which motivates him as well as help the company in retaining him. 8. Bring about job rotation and more growth opportunities: Giving growth opportunities like promotion and assigning certain new functionalities in the job shall increase the overall knowledge about the sales rep and also he won’t feel monotonous about the work he’s been performing. This shall give in-depth knowledge about other functions in the company and shall thereby increase the understanding of the employee about working of the other sectors in company. 9. Making them feel like family member: The employees of the company should be treated as the assets and they must be treated like a family member. Salesperson job is mostly to work out of the company, in such cases wishing them on their birthdays, anniversaries, etc. can be done. Also, paying visit or giving condolences to the MR on death of his family member can make him feel concerned and a part of family. 10. Optimizing target policies: Instead of having fixed monthly targets, the sales targets could be designed individually by looking through their past month performances. Depending on that each month the targeted sales could be increased or optimized depending upon past months performance. This shall bring about an upscale in sales level too. Conclusion: Thus for retaining MR the first line manager should focus on each and every step right from the recruitment, to training and development, rewards and appraisals even fulfilling the needs of MR as all of these steps play a crucial role in motivating and keeping him attracted towards his job.

Drinking Alcohol Essay example -- Papers

Drinking Alcohol Alcohol can and does kill millions of people. It can effect your brain and make you shake, lose all your senses, and kill off your brain cells. It also can cause your liver to deteriorate and not function properly. Liver transplants are hard to come by and do not happen often, if your liver goes out you do not have many chances of living much longer. You could also choke on your puke and die. Drinking too much alcohol can kill you, but millions of people consume mass amounts daily. College students drink and party a great amount. The average student drinks at least three nights a week and that is the weekend. Most sororities and fraternities encourage drinking. The fraternities make their pledges drink and the kids love it. It makes them loosen up and have a good time meeting new people. Drinking is also a good way for students who do not know anybody to meet new people and feel more comfortable when they go into an unfamiliar place with a lot of strangers around. When someone is drunk they feel more comfortable and able to talk to random people they do not know and have a good time. Once someone becomes familiar with certain people or just being drunk around strangers, it becomes a habit and that is when school work starts to not be important anymore. Students who drink start to stop attending classes because they are hung-over, tired because they did not go to bed, or just do not feel like going because they would like to start drinking again. The! re are those who can drink every night of the week and still go to class, do their homework, and keep their grades up. Those who can do that are very rare and end up eventually stop being able to do it anymore and fail out of school. It is not very hard for... ...time where there was a lot going on and had many opportunities to drink. I am going to settle down for a while and become a book worm. I have on midterm this week on two next tuesday so it is time to focus on my work. Alcohol is something that many people consume. Some can handle it, and others do not know how to control it and it controls them. I know that I drink, but I know that it will not become a habit and I have it under control. I feel bad for people who are alcoholics and can not control their drinking. The worst is an alcoholic who does not think they have a problem. I just wish those who did drink could sit down have a couple and be happy. A lot of people get drunk and violent. I have friends who have broken many things and hurt a lot of people just because they were drunk and everyone let it go because of it. Alcohol can be fun when it is used wisely.

Why We Should Brush Our Teeth

Nicholas Ruiz VPA 192 Informative Speech Why we should brush our teeth Goodmorning, Let me ask have you ever been on the train and been sitting next to someone with terrible breath? Or been on a date and you kiss the person your with and they have a horrid smell seeping out of there mouth. These simple smelly encounters would be easily avoided if we all keep up with out oral hygiene. My name is Nicholas Ruiz and today I am here to inform you of how to keep your oral hygiene up to par and why it is so important to do so.As a dental assistant for the past 3 years I have been taught to show people how to keep the general oral hygiene were it should be. A couple of the most commonly asked questions I get is what kind of tooth brush should I use or what kind of tooth paste they should use. I tell them a soft brisal toothbrush(show soft toothbrush) is the way to go and any kind of toothpaste with Fluoride in it will work. I spoke with a doctor in my office Dr. Tad Picker he stated,† I always recommend a soft brisal toothbrush.It nurtures your teeth while you brush as were a firm brisal toothbrush can wear away the enamel of your teeth. (show firm toothbrush) And when it comes to toothpaste I say aslong at it has Flouride in it it is ok. Me personally I use Aquafresh. † Also, an equally big part is flossing everyday. You can be fantastic at brushing your teeth but only floss can get into those nasty area that your couldn’t get when you brush. Finally, a good product to use is Listerine it really does kill any of those excess germs left in your mouth after brushing.Now you should be brushing your teeth 2 times a day. I brush 3 times a day but that’s just a preference. Now when you get ready to brush your teeth, you don’t glob the toothpaste on like in the commercials with the little tale like in the commercials. (Show how not to apply toothpaste) You apply as small but sufficient amount of paste. (Show how to apply toothpaste) Now when you begin to brush you suppost to do it on a 45 degree angle as so †¦like your messaging your teeth. show example) Brushing hard does not help in your efforts to keep your teeth clean. It pushes the germs and everything in your mouth further down and makes it harder to reach. Now let me ask you why is it so important to brush and what happens when you don’t. ( Let audiences react) A lot of great answers. It is important because not only does oral hygiene effect your mouth but it can also effect other parts of your body such as your heart. Oral hygiene is a very important ingredient to the collection of things that keep your body balanced.Now when you don’t brush your teeth what happens is that any food that you eat stays on your teeth which breakdowns to sugars which turns into acids that burns away your tooth enamel. This cause things such as cavities and other infections. In conclusion oral hygiene is and should be a major part of your daily life. It is importan t that you have the right tools to be able to keep up with it. If kept up with your teeth with stay healthy and you wont have to wear those bulky dentures. Thank you.

Why Did the Founding Fathers Create a Constitution Based

Why did the founding fathers create a constitution based on the ideas of separation of powers, checks and balances, federalism and the bill of rights? The founding fathers wanted to create a constitution because many believed that the national government had to be stronger than what it had been with the use of the Articles of Confederation. But at the same time they were fearful of human nature and how often it could be seen in the history of other countries such as Britain, for people in the position of power to infringe on the rights of others, by becoming hungry with power.Taking this into account, they wanted to create a government with another power to keep order and to govern. But also make sure there were sufficient checks put in place so that the government could never exercise power that threatens individual liberties. The constitution created a government with a written set of rules to follow which it could not infringe upon. This in itself was one way to create a limited g overnment, which is a main factor in why the founding fathers created a constitution.The Founding fathers also wanted to divide power in different ways, in another attempt to prevent its future abuse. The three main concepts within the constitution are separation of powers, cheques and balances, and federalism. The founding fathers originally debated where power should ultimately lie; Alexander Hamilton suggested that a unitary system would be the best. This is where the power lies with the central authority; many knew that this would never work, as the country is far too big and diverse. There were even hints at a monarchy but George Washington quickly made his feelings on the idea open. It is an idea I must view with adherence and reprimand with severity’ George mason on the other hand was in support of a confederate system, this is where the states would be split up , and then all have to agree on individual issues. There are very few examples of a confederate system worki ng, and it is clear to see why it would not work in in America, as it would be very difficult to get all the states to agree on individual issues, due to the diversity of the country.The solution to this problem was suggested by James Madison, which was quite simply a mixture of the two systems unitary and confederate. This is where power is divided between central and state government. National or delegated powers are powers only exercised by the national government, examples of this today would be the right to print money, and the right to declare war. Some examples of concurrent or shared powers are the right to borrow money, and make and enforce law. An example of a state or reserved power is the right to regulate intrastate commerce or create corporation laws.This was done for two main reasons, the first being to limit centralised power, and presidential power, and secondly so that states would agree to the constitution. The states also agreed for two other reasons , one being the Connecticut compromise, and the other being the Bill of rights , which most American historians just count as part of the original constitution, but it wasn’t actually added till 4 years later, Madison claimed it was important as ‘You must specify your liberties’. The Connecticut compromise was created to keep the small states happy, so that they would agree to the constitution.The geographically small states wanted representation based on population, not on size of state, when the biggest states with the smallest population wanted it to be based on the flat rate. So the political compromise was that in the House of Representatives, representation was based on population, and in the senate it was based on the geographical size of a state. The bill of rights is a document that American historians claim is part of the original constitution, although it was sent off to the individual states 4 years later.It was there to clearly show the rights of the people, so that they could never be taken away. The 1st amendment included freedoms such as freedom of assembly and free speech or the 2nd amendment which is the right for everyone to bear arms. It is often shouted out by gun associations when the government tries to put restrictions on the ownership of guns. The founding fathers put this in place so that it would outline in more the detail the precise freedoms of the people, which also helped to convince the smaller states.The constitution splits the power given to national government into three branches, which are separate from each other: the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. The separation of powers was based on the ideas of Montesquieu, with him ‘L’esprit de lois’ which means the spirit of the law. The executive plays the role of administrating law. The president does this in many ways , for example he; executes federal laws and programs, conducts foreign policy , commands the armed forces, negotiates trea ties and other such roles.Checks and balances another main factor of the constitution comes in here, as the people get to keep a check on the president every 4 years with the presidential election, which stops any tyranny of powers. This can also be seen in another branch of government. The legislature passes law, this is done through congress. Congress is made up of the Senate and the House of Representatives. Its roles include; regulating interstate and foreign commerce , creating and maintaining the armed forces , printing money, declaring war , and other such roles.The power here is limited in two ways, which is exactly what the founding fathers wanted; it’s done through a 6 year change of the senate, which rotates 1/3 of its members for election every 2 years. This is also done in the House of Representatives, as they have to run for re-election every 2 years, this means that representatives have to get things the public want done, or they can just be kicked out. This ke eps power in the hands of the many, which is also how they wanted to constitution to work. The last branch is the Judiciary, its role is to interpret and enforce the law.It is able to stay separate from the other branches, as it operates heavily outside the government, but also because ‘nothing maintains the independence of the judiciary more than its permanency in office’. It is also tied to the other two branches, as if the president wants to pass a law, it must get through congress and through the Supreme Court, as they can rule it unconstitutional, so the founding fathers created a system so that every branch was a check on each other, this also creates a system, where politics becomes the art of compromise.This system of checks and balances means that all the branches have to work together, and have to compromise. Congress holds its check on the president in different ways, such as; Congress is able to impeach and remove a president, although impeachment does requi re a 2/3 majority of house, and removal 2/3 of the senate. Congress can also override a presidential veto, this also requires a 2/3 majority in both houses, but this system means that no one branch can hold far more power than another which is another example of why the founding fathers chose such a system.It also holds other powers such as rejecting treaties which limits presidential foreign policy. Congress also holds checks over the judiciary. It can do this by proposing constitutional amendments, and impeaching and removing judges with the 2/3 majority in the senate. This also shows us that the judiciary can never hold too much power over the president or congress, which is another example of how the founding fathers wanted the constitution to work. There are also powers given to the other two branches of government, which help to keeps checks, so that they can all counter each other with enough majority.But a problem with this is that it can lead to political gridlock, and this means very little can get done, which is not what the founding fathers intended. To conclude, the founding fathers created a constitution that meant that power could never be held within the hands of the few, but with the many. It also created checks on power in every branch of government, not just from the people, but from the branches themselves acting as checks against each other.They had wanted to create a system that worked this way, because of the tyranny that could be seen in other countries. This is why George Washington destroyed any idea of a monarchy, he wanted the United States of America to be founded on principles the promoted compromise, and freedom, and equality. It was also meant to act as a block on any future tyranny, or corruption of power, but it also creates problems in itself, as it can lead to political gridlock, but no political system is perfect.

Natural Rights Theory Essays

Natural Rights Theory Essays Natural Rights Theory Essay Natural Rights Theory Essay Natural Rights Theory Name: Course: Institution: Instructor: Date: Natural Rights Theory Natural rights theory is the belief that a person enters into this world with some basic rights that cannot be denied by any government, political power or even a constitution. Natural rights theory maintains that since individuals come into this world naturally, they have basic rights that no one can take away from them. The theory suggests that human beings as natural creatures should live and organize themselves in the society using basic rules that are laid down by nature. As natural beings, human have rights that not anyone can violate, with the main right being freedom. Further, the theory suggests that the rights are derived from the nature of man as a rational being, where the rights are necessary for his survival. In general, the theory states that man has rights granted or guaranteed upon their creation irrespective of any government manipulation, and exists across all nations, or are universal. These rights are considered to be above any law made by the government (Donald, n.d.) Natural rights are the freedoms that are established by an international agreement that imposes conduct on across all nations. The natural rights are very distinct from legal rights, which are the freedoms established in particular states and applies to that particular state. They are rights that all human beings have and are not limited by any artificial legal set-up, and not only apply to human beings, but other species. For instance, sea animals live under water by natural right and not from legal legislation dictating the same. Therefore, natural rights are those rights that cannot be change by any artificial legal legislation. Some examples of natural rights are the rights to life, ownership of property and freedom or liberty. Natural rights prevent people from certain practices such as torture and slavery, allowing them to defend their lives, liberty and property (Donald, n.d.). Natural rights theory closely relates to natural law theory. In the enlightenment age, the natural rights theory served to challenge the rights of kings and leaders, which created a justification of establishing a positive law, social contract and a government, which amounted to the legal rights. Thus, legal rights are derived from the natural rights, which also serve to challenge the legal rights when they go overboard. The legal rights were established with an aim of protecting the freedom of people, their property, and rights to live their lives as each person capable of reasoning wished to live. The natural rights theory states that all men are equal, and have the freedom to make their choices. Some of the theorists in support of the theory have stated that this is defined by the moral rights each person has, which come naturally from their free will and thoughts, enabling them to make their own choices (Donald, n.d.). The theory further suggests that human beings are capable of acting rationally and have the right to make their choices. this is to mean that anybody as long as they are adults capable of making choices have the right to do what pleases them without anybody restricting them. In addition, this would mean that everybody has a right to the particular right, and nobody would deny him or her the chance to exercise it. In addition, the theory suggests that people should act naturally, where people derive their morality. The theory suggests that morality is enshrined in the inherent nature of man, where he acts as nature in him dictates, the same way animals will act according to the nature driving them. Problems of Natural Rights Theory The natural rights theory like any other has several problems with many of its opponents criticizing it and do not regard it as correct. One of the problems with the natural rights law is different interpretations of nature, which is different across many regions and among different individuals. Thus, the notion from natural rights theory stating that natural rights are universal would not be true since people will have different interpretations of nature. Therefore, defining what is morally right would be difficult, making the natural tights theory quite problematic to understand. More so, human beings are very diverse, with capability of each having their own natural personalities. For instance, some people are generally aggressive and fearless while others are naturally timid. Since human nature allows them to have both, it would be morally right for an aggressive man to attack the timid one since they will be following their inherent natural personality and reasoning (Sullivan Pecorino, 2002). In addition, determining morality is hard due to such differences, where each individual will have his or her own reasoning on what is morally right or wrong. Natural rights theory suggests that acting in accordance with nature is morally right, while behavior not according to nature is morally wrong. For instance, when a man rapes a woman, there is nothing unnatural about it biologically. Therefore, this would not be considered an unnatural behavior, qualifying it as a moral right. This would be because the natural rights theory suggests that it is morally right for organisms to act in accordance to nature. Under such a notion, men considered aggressive would have a right to follow their natural desires and go ahead with raping women since it is natural for a man to desire a woman. This raises the question of whether men should act in accordance to their natural instincts or whether they should resist some of their inherent nature. Considering the above problems, the critics of the natural rights theory argue that even children are not innocent, and acting from their inherent natural personality, some will be aggressive on others while others will misbehave. Thus, the children go to school in order to learn how to tame some of their natural behaviors, meaning that natural does not always define morality since this would not be moral. In addition, critics of the natural theory suggest that in accordance with the natural right, people who commit some acts such as homosexuality, assault, killing among others would not be acting unnaturally; therefore, their behaviors would be regarded as morally right according to the natural rights theory (Sullivan Pecorino, 2002). Another problem is that the intrinsic nature of human beings that is concerned with establishing laws is not the same as the animals, which causes another difficulty with the theory. Natural law means following the inherent natural values where animals act as their inherent nature dictates. For instance, it is natural for a lion to kill a gazelle for food, and other animals, or for a cat to chase after rats and mice. On the other hand, man does not follow his inherent nature to the letter. For instance, it is known that man is selfish and always wants to have maximum benefits from anything, without considering others. This is not considered morally right according to the moral teachings, which means that moral teachings do not teach us to follow the natural values in us as dictated by nature like animals. Another problem of the natural rights theory is that majority of the suggested rights do not have prove, where it believes that natural rights comes from God after creating man. There is no way to prove that the natural rights are given by God. In addition, different people have different religions, meaning that the suggested rights cannot be universal as the theory suggest. This creates yet another problem for the theory, causing a lot of criticism from its opponents (Sullivan Pecorino, 2002). Bentham Rejection of Natural Rights Bentham is one of the major opponents of the natural rights theory, and rejects it completely, dismissing it as nonsense with the rights suggested not qualifying as rights. Bentham rejects the natural rights theory completely, and takes on the utilitarian moral view that considers the action with the best results for everybody. He suggests that human nature just as if science can choose the actions with the best value and benefit for people involved, with the main motive being pleasure and pain. He suggests that nature puts man under two aspects, pain and pleasure, where pleasure is the most desired people. Therefore, it is up to the people to determine what is to be done in order to realize the best result (Robnights, 2012). He attacks natural rights and suggests that rights are only created by the law. He further suggested that laws are just a command of the tow sovereigns, pleasure and pain. A government has to be present in order to have laws and rights within a community or stat e. Rights in his view are suggested to be in correlation to the duties that are determined by the law. The notion of having rights that are based on natural rights or those pre-existing an established government are considered wrong and rejected (iep.utm.edu, 2008). He attacks the natural law on his understanding of legal rights, and nature of the law. According to iep.utm.edu (2008), â€Å"the term natural right is a perversion of language. It is ambiguous, sentimental, and figurative and had anarchical consequences. Bentham suggested that natural right becomes ambiguous on the grounds that it makes a suggestion of general rights without any specifications to any object, and anyone could claim what has already been chosen by another. Therefore, exercising such a universally accepted right would mean eliminating the right itself, since what becomes a right to every man is not a right to any man at all. More so, he suggested that under such a circumstance of broadly and ambiguously implied rights, there could not be a legal system. His other attack on the natural rights theory is that natural rights is figurative, he suggests that there are no rights that are in front of the government. He says that the assumption that such rights exist seems to come from a theory of social contract where individuals form a society to choose a government by alienating certain of their rights. In addition, such a doctrine not only poses as unhistorical, but also fails to serve as a useful tool in explaining of origin of political authority. Further, he suggests that governments are risen form habit or through force, whereby, for contacts to be legally binding a government has to be in place in order to enforce the contracts. He goes further to suggest that natural rights theory is anarchical. He claims that such a right involves freedom from all moderation and particularly, from all legal control. Therefore, the natural right being in front of the law, this could only mean it cannot be limited by any law. With everybody having such freedom, the consequence would be pure anarchy considering human beings are aggravated by their own self-interests. Thus, having a right in a meaningful way requires that no one can justifiably interfere with another person’s right. This is to imply that a right must have the capability of being enforced, and such restrictions are the provision of the law. He concludes, â€Å"That the term natural rights is simple nonsense: natural and imprescriptible rights, rhetorical nonsense,- nonsense upon stilts,† (iep.utm.edu, 2008). According to Bentham, all rights are supposed to be legal and enforceable. Any right that is a right to every man does not qualify as a right since anybody can make a legitimate claim to it, meaning it is above other laws. According to him, rights are legal and enforced by government, and no right can be anterior to the government. He also suggests that all rights are supposed to be legal and specific, having an object as well as a subject, and cannot universal. He suggests that they are supposed to be made because they are deemed conducive or beneficial to the people. In addition, when their abolition would mean a benefit to the community governed by the rights, there should be nothing to stop their abolition. Thus, rights are supposed to be based on the two sovereigns as he suggested, pleasure and pain with regard being given to the former. Thus, rights should only be made for the pleasure or benefit to the majority. Moreover, he claims that rights are supposed to exist under the law, with protection and enforcement by the government. Otherwise, rights outside or above the law are not rights, except reasons of wishing they were there. This rejection of natural rights has continued to gain influence across man countries and scholars, believing there are no natural rights as the theory of natural rights suggests. Bentham rejects the entire theory on natural rights on grounds of legal rights, suggesting that there cannot be one universally accepted right, and al rights have to be enforceable and specific, of which natural rights are not. Personal Opinion on Bentham Rejection of Natural Rights Theory On the rejection of the natural rights theory, I do agree to some extent with Bentham, although not completely. This is due to the problems posed with the natural theory that are hard to explain. In addition, the natural rights sound a little more ambiguous and unclear. For instance, the natural rights theory suggests that human beings should act according to their inherent natural personalities. Considering everybody has his or her own personality and free will, there would be chaos allowing everybody to act according to their natural traits. For instance, as mentioned earlier, those who are naturally violent will cause violence. This would be justifiable in the natural rights theory since they acted according to their traits, which comes naturally. In addition, due to diversity of the human brain unlike other animals whose inherent traits are not diversified as those of human beings. For instance, all the lions have their inherent nature as hunting to survive. On the other hand, hu man beings have diversified natural intrinsic values that they peruse, and with rights that allow every body to pursue their interests would mean having chaos since conflicts would be so many. Thus, having a legal law that governs or draws the line where no body is allowed to go overboard ensures there is order. However, on the issue that no right can be above the law, I do not agree with Bentham considering everybody has a right to life no matter what the government would say. Therefore, I do not agree with Bentham on rejecting the entire natural rights theory. The government has no right over a person’s life, and this is not enforceable legally considering life is natural and cannot be given by the government. The only thing that government can ensure is protecting of life to ensure that no body has a right to take a right to take away life. Therefore, I do agree with Bentham that rights should be made by the government, with the best interest of the community, and should be specific, and enforceable in order to maintain order that would otherwise be lost if people were given a right to act on their inherent perception. References Donald, J.A. (n,d.). Natural Law and Natural Rights. Retrieved from http://jim.com/rights.html Sullivan, S.O. Pecorino, P.A. (2002). Problems for Natural Law Theory. Retrieved from http://www2.sunysuffolk.edu/pecorip/SCCCWEB/ETEXTS/ETHICS/Chapter_7_Deontological_Theories_Natural_Law/Problems_with_Natural_Law.htm iep.utm.edu. (2008). Jeremy Bentham (1748- 1832). Retrieved from iep.utm.edu/bentham/ Robnights. (2012). Defining Utilitarianism. Retrieved from http://robnights.hubpages.com/hub/Philosophy-Notes

How I Scored a Book Deal with Amazons Thomas Mercer (in 5 Stages)

How I Scored a Book Deal with Amazons Thomas Mercer (in 5 Stages) How I Went from Indie Author to Scoring a Book Deal with Amazon's Thomas Mercer Last year we spoke with author Natalie Barelli about striking a big item off her bucket list: writing and publishing her debut novel,  Until I Met Her. Less than 12 months later, Natalie has been signed by Amazon's thriller imprint Thomas Mercer, and her novel is undergoing a re-release. In this article, she talks the bumpy road of self-publishing - one that has been full of trials and tribulations. However, she's a true example of the saying, â€Å"If at first you don’t succeed, try, try again.† In a year, Natalie has turned publishing mishaps into lessons, and, clearly, her perseverance is being rewarded.  It was during this  Kindle countdown when things started to change. I checked my sales dashboard obsessively, as you do, and was ecstatic one day when I logged in and learned that I’d sold 20 copies in one day. I wondered if this would be my sales peak, but the next day I sold 50 copies, and on the last day of the promotion I sold 200 copies.I knew th at when the price went back up, sales would soon dwindle, so I scheduled AMS ads every day once the promotion had ended. When the ads worked, resulting in clicks and sales, my novel would begin to appear in the ‘also bought’ section of books on its own due to it's rising popularity. At that point, I would remove the ad and wait until sales dwindled again before scheduling a new one. I managed to sustain the ranking for a while that way, and that’s when I got a lovely email from Thomas Mercer.Finally: Scoring a book deal and beating submission guidelinesThomas Mercer gave  Until I Met Her  a new cover and further rounds of editing  - by now that book has been edited more times than I care to admit. This was mostly due to the fact that the story is set in New York and I’m Australian, and no matter how hard we all tried the first time around, some of my language didn’t come across as authentic.It’s  been quite a process, but Thomas M ercer has kept me thoroughly involved, asking for feedback and approval every step of the way. Of course,  when a small army of professionals wants to improve your book, you’re hardly going to stop them.Until I Met Her is  still on preorder as I write this, going live on May 30th, so as of yet I have no idea what being published by Thomas Mercer will mean for the future of my novel. A lot of books under Amazon imprints like Thomas Mercer do fantastically well, but not all of them. For instance, I know that my novel will not be featured in the Kindle First monthly offerings (what surely is the pot of gold at the end of the rainbow of self-published authors on Amazon), because it’s a re-published book and therefore doesn't qualify. So in a way, it’s as much of an experiment as, say, Facebook ads or Kindle Countdowns. But when you’re indie, that’s one of the luxuries and responsibilities you have: to experiment.Until I Met Her is available on Am azon.Please  share your thoughts and experiences, or any questions for Natalie, in the comments below!

What challenge does the problem of induction raise for the status of Essay

What challenge does the problem of induction raise for the status of scientific knowledge Can the problem be solved - Essay Example However strong, no inductive argument warrants certainty of its conclusion. David Hume held that no truth can be obtained about a theory regardless of how man tests of hypothesis passes. Hume assumed that an enumerative induction would exist if an inductive reasoning is consistent when it results into roughly true conclusions frequently. This paper explores the challenge that the problem of induction raises for the status of scientific knowledge and possible solution to the challenge. Formulation of the Problem of Induction For a quick formulation of the problem of induction, Born argues that â€Å". . . no observation or experiment, however extended, can give more than a finite number of repetitions† (Bird & Ladyman 2012, pg. 31). Inductive argument is founded on numerous inferences based on different observations of an event. Each observation yields new conclusions. For example, based on a chain of observations that a man jogs to work at 6a.m on Friday, it appears justifiabl e to conclude that the man will jog to work next Friday, or generally, that the man jogs to work every Friday. The next Friday the man jogs to work does not provide evidence that the man usually jogs at 6a.m to work on Fridays, but simply add on to the number of observations made. Inductive reasoning forms greater part of human reasoning. The problem of induction entails justification in inductive reasoning method.... Further, science is based on the principle of empiricism, which holds that only observation and experiment determines whether a scientific claim, law or theory, is accepted or rejected. The three principles above: Hume’s discovery of the impossibility to substantiate a law by observation or experimentation, the fact that science is founded on law and the principle of empiricism, appear to collide with each other. This clash is what amounts to the logical problem of induction (Bird & Ladyman 2012). David Hume’s problem of Induction David Hume’s argument first appeared in his great philosophical piece of publication, the Treatise of Human Nature, which he wrote in his twenties. Hume’s argument also surfaced a decade later, but more succinctly in An Inquiry into Human Understanding. In this piece of work, Hume referred to deductive reasoning as â€Å"reason† while â€Å"induction† meant inductive argument. In his argument, Hume clarified that no conclusion from observation or the future is deductive. Hume first meditates on the discovery of causal relationships on which â€Å"matters of fact† are founded. According to Hume, causal relations are never discovered by reason, but through induction. His reason is that for every particular cause, there are numerous effects, and the precise effect cannot be arrived at by interpretation of the cause. However, an individual must make observations on incidences of the causal relation in order to prove that the claim is true. One cannot prefer effects emerging out of one observation over the rest of observations. According to Hume, predictions can only be made inductively through earlier

Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) - CAM Therapies Assignment

Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) - CAM Therapies - Assignment Example are applied in place of the conventional medicine and the intention behind their use is a treatment or curing of a health related condition which would still be achieved using the mainstream medicine. The difference between complementary treatment and alternative treatment is that in complementary treatment, medicine may be used while in alternative treatment, mainstream medicine is not used. Conventional and alternative treatment methods are many and are usually even administered by highly trained persons. These methods include: acupuncture, chiropractic, osteopathy, naturopathy, traditional Chinese medicine, aromatherapy, massage therapy, meditation, and yoga. Conventional medical practices or allopathic medicine is a term which is usually used by supporters of alternative treatment methods to denote mainstream use of manufactured agents or interventions to cure or to overwhelm symptoms or pathophysiological developments or even disorders. This treatment approach is a wide subdivision in the medical practice field which is used to refer to western medicine and medical practices. This method is also referred to as biomedicine or evidence based medicine or sometimes, modern medicine. These modern medical treatment practices have various importances: they are best when it comes to the treatment of traumatic conditions such as accident cases which would otherwise be hectic to treat using the alternative methods of treatment. These methods are also very flexible, they are flexible in that they can be administered online, where patients say their symptoms and then trained personnel can recommend the drugs to be taken. This is not available to most alternative treatment methods which majorly need strict observance by a trained instructor. However, this practice also has their drawbacks in that they are costly to access and requires training of the doctors. As pointed out earlier, acupuncture is one of the convectional and alternative methods of treatment. This

Cyber activism and hacktivism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cyber activism and hacktivism - Essay Example Activism involves a range of activities from online search for information, creating and feeding data to new or already existing websites, conducting communication via internet publications or emailing of letters, forming online forums to discuss various issues or coordinating certain activities. Hacktivism activities involve virtual blockades, email bombing, hacking web sites or breaking into computers systems, planting computer worms and viruses. The activities of activism are keen on developing the internet as a useful tool for social progress and policymaking. However, hackvists activities stem from anger and seek to destroy what is created by activism. The internet offers a vast body of information that would take one a lot of time and energy to search manually. Business corporations, organizations, governments and teaching institutions avail information on the internet that is easily accessible by the target audience or any other person interested in the data. The offered information extends beyond geographical demarcation. One can access the information necessary to facilitate his mission. Researchers use this collection of information to argue or prove their theses. While an activist will use this information to improve himself or the society, a hacktivist will seek to destroy this collection of information (Denning, 1999). Various humanity groups such as non-governmental organizations, civil boards and self-help groups publish information in the internet for the public to see. Some businesses such as luxury brand companies employ this technique to promote their products to the vast body of potential customers using the internet. Depending on the organization involved, some will post or publish information on public web sites or may develop their own site where they publish information on regular basis (Denning, 1999). Private websites provoke the anger or interest of hackers who hack to phish information

Group Definition Of Cross Cultural Awareness Management Essay

Group Definition Of Cross Cultural Awareness Management Essay The purpose of this report is to add to the group slide presentation on cross cultural awareness and the training program that was formulated to tackle the issue. Within this report there will be a summary of each the points that the group focused on. The task that the group were faced with was in the form of a training program that was geared towards increasing cross cultural awareness of a group of 10 British sales managers who work for IBM. Group Definition of Cross Cultural Awareness As more companies expand globally involving expatriates, the need for culture awareness has increased. The lack of cultural awareness is the main cause of misunderstanding and conflicts because of the cultural differences and where the behaviour perception of one culture may be different for another. (Cushner Brislin, 1996). The authors gave different names to cross-cultural awareness such as cross-cultural competence, cross-cultural training, intercultural competence and intercultural sensitivity. Based on several academic literatures, cross-cultural awareness means that a good understanding of its own culture will help the individual to understand more the others cultures and then to be more successful in cross cultural behaviour. In other words, the individual should be conscious enough of their own culture in developing the managers intercultural competence. That means increasing the ability to behave in intercultural way and improving communication across cultures as the intercultural competence shows consideration for others needs and fulfilment of ones own satisfactions (Gupta Govindarajan, 2002). In addition, cross-cultural awareness enables the individual to create a self-awareness through which he can identify his own knowledge and cultural values. Importance of Cross-Cultural Awareness Cross-cultural awareness is considered an important tool that reduces the consequences of cross-cultural conflict. It helps to learn how to behave in appropriate way across different cultures and create a feeling for these cultural differences. This results in enhancing cross-cultural communication skills like listening, speaking and observing which play a vital role to build trust between people of different cultures. The improvement of partnership skills as well, that requires a greater international collaboration. In addition, it decreases the cross-cultural misunderstanding and creates a winning working environment in the workplace. It is a business benefit and cost-effective solution for many companies since it maximizes their potential globally and develops the intercultural sensitivity of expatriates by providing better results to the organisation. It has a significant importance because the expatriates would understand and accept and build a strong relationship with people fr om various cultural backgrounds. Appropriateness of Training Bush and Thomas (2000) explain that it is of a main important for developing successful buyer-seller relationship. A sales manager will have to go through special training which we can call cultural diversity training. Before going through this training Bush and Thomas (2000) argue that it is a requirement for sales people to be exposed to a culturally diverse encounter. This phase will lead sales managers to realise the impact cultural diversity will have on business relationship and will enable them to be really aware of its importance, instead of neglecting it. Requirements can be achieved thanks to management training games such as the BAFA BAFA game. This game begins with the creation of two teams. The sales management team will have to be split into two teams that have different languages and cultures and will have to handle with the rules of the game, and to understand each culture. This game has a long history of success and it was proved to be a good tool to make people from different background work more effectively together. Once the sales managers are aware of the benefit cross cultural training could bring to them, they can move on the proper training. Montagno,R.(1996) say this will enable sales mangers to  acquire the three main qualities needed to do business abroad such as initiate conversation and establish and maintain a meaningful relationship. Type, content and length of training Seven types of training were identified by researchers Litrell and Salas (2005). These seven approaches are identified in the appendix. Each of the seven have their meanings, for example with regards to the groups specific training program, language training means that individuals do not have to become fluent but a general understanding of common courtesies in the host language is provided. (Befus 1988; Bennett 1986) It was decided that six months would be a worthy timescale for the training to take place in order to cover the ten methods and contents chosen by the group. These ten, were sourced from the handbook of intercultural training the ten can be viewed in table 1. These link to the groups definition of cross cultural awareness because the group had identified the key words, such as sensitivity, which is linked to the content of culture sensitizer. From the ten, a table (table 1) was created, which described factors such as what the outcome of the training will be, whether the training will give them knowledge into about or across cultures, what the learning styles would be as different people have different learning styles, for example British people have a different style to American people. The ten were chosen because we felt these were most likely to fit the definition of cross cultural awareness that we produced, for example self-awareness will give employees an understanding about their own culture as well as other peoples cultures. Table 1: Training Methods Cultural Effects Yang, et al (2009) suggest that the effect of trainees cultural background could be examines by Hofstede cultural dimensions. According to Hofstede (1994), nation cultural is defined as the collective programming of the mind in a nation or region. Hofstede (2009) suggested that cultural has several dimensions which include Individualism and collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, time orientation, power distance and masculinity and femininity. The review on cultural effect to the British participants learning performance will base on Hofstedes framework. Table 2 is a summary of the participants cultural effect: Table 2 Cultural Effects in Cross Cultural Training (Sources: Geert Hofstede, 2010) Dimensions Score Effects Approaches Individualism/Collectivism 89 The UK individualism cultural have higher intrinsic motivation than participants from collectivism cultural. The UKs participants valence and training motivation are higher when training is perceived to increase the competencies of individuals. The UKs participants cultural adopt a concrete, intuitive, and inductive learning style. Uncertainty Avoidance 35 The UK participants cultural training effectiveness is associated with a lower level of valence. Short/Long-term Oriented 51 The UKs culture has an average score on time oriented dimension. As a result, the course shall take care on both long-terms and short terms benefits. Power Distance 35 The UK participants cultural is higher when the training is implemented by using a decision-making process. Muscularity/ femininity 66 The participants culture will have higher training motivation and valence when training is perceived to increase the competencies of individuals. The UK has high individualism culture, Yang et al. (2009) showed that participants from individualism cultures have higher intrinsic motivation than participants from collectivism cultures and their valence and training motivation are higher when training is perceived to increase the competencies of individuals. Therefore, the training program should focus on increasing individual performance rather than organizations competencies. Yang, et al. (2009) reported individual cultures adopt a concrete, intuitive, and inductive learning style. As a result, the course shall include elements of solid example to gain best result from participants. They also suggested lower uncertainty avoidance cultural training effectiveness is associated with a lower level of valence. Consequently, the training shall include more individual works rather than group works. They found that the participants from short term oriented will require immediate benefit from the training program. However, the participants from long term oriented will require future benefit from the training program. The UKs culture has an average score on time oriented dimension. Therefore, the course shall take care on both long-terms and short terms benefits. Yang et al. (2009) found that the participants from short term oriented will require immediate benefit from the training program. However, the participants from long term oriented will require future benefit from the training program. The UKs culture has an average score on time oriented dimension. Therefore, the course shall take care on both long-terms and short terms benefits. They also suggested that masculinity cultural will have higher training motivation and valence when training is perceived to increase the competencies of individuals. Therefore, the training program should focus on increasing individual performance rather than organizations competencies. Evaluation The evaluation is an important stage to be considered in the implementation of cross-culture training. It aims to evaluate the effectiveness of cross-culture training by linking logically the content of measures to the training content (Kraiger et al, 1993), assess the improvement of participants awareness about cultural differences and whether the skills and knowledge learned from the training has been implemented in the workplace (Littrell, Salas, 2005) in order to provide recommendations for future cross-culture training. In order to evaluate IBMs cross-culture training, it is important for the evaluator to understand the meaning of culture awareness and sensitivity and set up success criteria for CCT program (Guzman, 2003). Only then they can evaluate participants knowledge and cross-culture training outcomes. The evaluation requires mixed methods including both qualitative and quantitative in order to increase the reliability of the findings. Thus, we will use various evaluation methods at this stage namely conducting interviews with participants in order to determine the change of their cognitive, affective and cognitive behaviour during the training, their self-maintenance and their adjustment to multicultural environment that have been also mentioned by Cross, et al, (1992) A set of congruent behaviours, attitudes, and policies that come together in a system, agency, or among professionals and enables that system, agency, or those professionals to work effectively in cross cultural situations. Th is method will be followed by pre-training and post-training survey in order to rate their competency and ability to deal with different cultures in the workplace. The return on investment (ROS) should also be used in order to measure the outcomes of this CCT program. This will help to decide whether CCT program should be modified or not and improve it in the future. Conclusion In conclusion, the pace of globalisation has raised a great attention of managers on the cross-cultural issues due to the conflicts and misunderstanding encountered in the workplace. These issues led to harsh consequences taking the form of frustrated shareholders and business opportunity losses. Therefore, there is a growing need to have an extensive interpersonal skills and knowledge than in past (Kealey and Protheroe, 1996). In other words, companies with an international growth strategy, such as our company IBM, are getting to implement a cross-cultural training for their global managers dealing with individuals from various cultures and this was an effective strategy to achieve their multicultural objectives and organisational performances. The six-month cross-cultural training implemented in IBM sales department will be a mean for our managers to increase their cultural awareness both at the professional and individual level including their communication and negotiation skills. Word Count: 1500 (exclude the tables and references) Appendix: Presentation Slides

Process of Photosynthesis :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Process of Photosynthesis Photosynthesis is process by which plants containing chlorophyll make carbohydrates from water and carbon dioxide in the air in the presence of light. Green plants and certain other organisms use the energy of light to convert carbon dioxide and water into the simple sugar glucose. Photosynthesis provides the basic energy source for virtually all organisms. An extremely important byproduct of photosynthesis is oxygen, on which most organisms depend.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Photosynthesis has far-reaching implications. Like plants, humans and other animals depend on glucose as an energy source, but they are unable to produce it on their own and must rely ultimately on the glucose produced by plants. Moreover, the oxygen humans and other animals breathe is the oxygen released during photosynthesis. Humans are also dependent on ancient products of photosynthesis, known as fossil fuels, for supplying most of our modern industrial energy. These fossil fuels, including natural gas, coal, and petroleum, are composed of a complex mix of hydrocarbons, the remains of organisms that relied on photosynthesis millions of years ago. Thus, virtually all life on earth, directly or indirectly, depends on photosynthesis as a source of food, energy, and oxygen, making it one of the most important biochemical processes known.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Plant photosynthesis occurs in leaves and green stems within specialized cell structures called chloroplasts. One plant leaf is composed of tens of thousands of cells, and each cell contains 40 to 50 chloroplasts. The chloroplast, an oval-shaped structure, is divided by membranes into numerous disk-shaped compartments. These dislike compartments, called thylakoids, are arranged vertically in the chloroplast like a stack of plates or pancakes. A stack of thylakoids is called a granum, the grana lie suspended in a fluid known as stroma. Photosynthesis is a very complex process, and for the sake of convenience and ease of understanding, plant biologists divide it into two stages. In the first stage, the light-dependent reaction, the chloroplast traps light energy and converts it into chemical energy contained in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), two molecules used in the second stage of

Personal Academic Goals

The National Center for Education Statistics did a study on pay comparison between graduate and non-graduate workers. The study indicates that college graduates get paid an average of 38% more compare to those non-graduates. Therefore, finishing college is as important and should be a goal for most individuals if not everyone. My three personal academic goals that hope to achieve as a student here at the university are to earn a degree in management, learn how it affects roductivity in the workplace and also to improve written and oral communication skills.Understanding that going to college and graduate from it is no simple task. It involves numerous moving parts and those parts need to work together in harmony to achieve personal academic goals. Some of those moving parts that need enhancing are personnel responsibility, time management, written, and oral In my 24 years of military service, I did not take advantage of communications. acquiring a formal education even though the mil itary provides the opportunities and environment to take college courses and get a degree.When I was in the military, my priorities were more focus on getting the Job done making sure that military personnel get their personal records corrected and updated, get paid correctly and on time, provide briefs, submit reports, and conduct different types of trainings. After retiring from the military, my priority changes and academic success is in the front of it. By using my military educational benefits (GI bill) entitlement to jump start my desire to pursue higher learning and hoping to acquire a degree in management here at the university.The Association of American Colleges and Universities (AAC&U) researchers at the University of Michigan Center for the Study of Higher and Postsecondary Education (Eric Dey, 2008) that in categories they surveyed; students and professionals strongly agree that personal responsibility should be a major focus of a college education. The same study also demonstrates that 40% of college students acquire or develop personal responsibility while in college pursuing a degree.To me, personal responsibility is to admit and accept that no one is perfect, will make mistakes, take ownership of my actions, seek assistance when eeded, learn from it, and correct it. Time management is also important to students' academic goals, personal life, and career success. Setting short-term and long-term goals are an integral part of time management. In the book â€Å"Becoming a Master Student† (Dave Ellis, 2011, p. 61), emphasizes that students have enough time for the things they want to accomplish.It takes thinking about possibilities and making conscious choices (p. 61). Students know that there are 24 hours in a day and 168 hours in a week, â€Å"no more no less. † By making conscious effort to write down hould help meet deadline and task. As a student, I need to recognize that procrastination is the enemy of time management; fight it , destroy it, and stop it now! Managing and following time management diligently with no hesitation is a model for success for students to follow.Another key element to personal academic success is the importance of improving one's written and oral communication skills are vital in the workplace. The utilization of computers has been the greatest force for change in the environment and activities of an organization (Uhlig, 1977). Electronic evices, such as computers have been increasingly used as a medium in written and oral communications in the world of business today. To succeed, I have to learn the foundations of basic writing, grammar, and speaking in front of people.I must also understand that communications skills are a necessity and important in the business world not only in todays environment but also in the future, In conclusion, there are no shortcuts to academic success and that graduating from college are extremely difficult and time consuming. By improving, mastering, and applying acquired skills n personal responsibility, time management, oral, and written communications can prepare me to succeed in academic settings.Investing time, attention, patience, and perseverance must be the focal point of emphasis in achieving my academic goals. It is time to learn, conquer fear, fght procrastination, and enjoy every moment of it.

Courts of the Tampa Bay Area

This study involved visiting courtrooms and observing the court proceeding. I was to follow several cases and evaluate everyone’s behavior in the courtroom. During this period I visited two courtrooms, Criminal Justice Center at 14250 49th Street North Clearwater, FL 33762 and the 501 building in St. Petersburg at 501 1st Avenue North St. Petersburg, FL 33701. I visited the courtrooms on several occasions. Case observations On June 16 2010, I visited the criminal Justice center at 14250 49th street North Clearwater, FL 33762, at 2 pm. At the entrance of the courtroom there was screening.Mobile phones were not allowed in the courtroom so they were to be left at the reception desk. It was not difficult getting into the courtroom as only photo identification was required. The room was half full and so finding a sitting position was easy. It was a criminal case, where Mr. George Warren, the accused, was a suspect in a robbery at the bay harbor pool room. The Judge was Justice Earl Logan. The mood of the court was rather relaxed. The judge was calm and followed keenly. On several occasions the judge was very active, especially where the attorneys had heated arguments.The judge had to intervene and restore order in the room. As I learnt later that the proceeding was not open to the journalist and this is the reason I attracted some attention from a juror, as I took some notes. The attorneys showed a great deal of respect to their client although the plaintiff’s attorney was very intimidating. The judge did not take this lightly and cautioned the attorney against such action. The defendant’s attorney defended his client against such intimidation aggressively. He refused to allow his client to be asked questions revolving around his personal life except where they were relevant .They attorneys sought the judge’s intervention where they felt that their client was being harassed. The judge asked the clients questions where he felt was necessar y, or ordered them to answer questions if the chose to remain silent. The defendant and his attorney were active while the plaintiff appeared relaxed. This is because the evidence that was brought before the court was very strong and could earn him more than five years imprisonment. The defendant was a clerk and frequented the pool room. Both of them seemed to follow and understand the proceedings.The defendant was however very careful when answering the questions because he would take some time before replying. The disposition of the case was that the defendant was not guilty. This is because he was found near the site with some pints of wine and some change in his pocket. The evidence produced was not substantial and enough for the defendant to face any sentence. The witnesses who testified in the case did give any information that linked the defendant to the crime. The plaintiff failed to convince the court that the accused was indeed the thief.There was no finger print match and the defendant had an evident alibi. During the time of theft the defendant was at another local joint drinking. The time spent on the case was not long but was enough because there was no enough evidence to imprison the defendant. The disposition of the case was fair. There was clear evidence that the defendant was not involved in the crime, and if there was the plaintiff failed to produce it. According to the law the defendant was supposed to be set free until or unless there was more clear evidence . Analysis The courts precinct was calm.There was a serious security check for mobile phones, cameras and any form of weapons. This case was not open to the media and this is the reason why they were so strict on the issue of any cameras or recording material. This was also a security to ensure the safety of everyone in the courtroom. Being an afternoon during a working day most people were at their places of work and so most of those in the room were close to the clients. The mood was relaxed. The case had little tension and this is the reason why the judge appeared calm although he was very attentive.In some instances the clients chose not to answer questions and the judge had to intervene and force them to answer the questions. This is because the evidence tabled was not enough and any information that the judge felt was relevant had to be given . The attorneys were however very aggressive, each trying to defend the evidence produced by their clients. The plaintiff showed no signs of providing more evidence against the defendant and relied solely on the fact that the defendant was found close to the crime scene when the police were called.The defendant claimed that he had just left another drinking joint and was on his way home. This case was very sensitive and the judge had to take note of all the important details and ask questions where clarification was needed, failure to which a wrong judgment would have been made . He was able to prove his claims to the court. The fingerprints from the crime scene did not match his, clear evidence that he was just a case of mistaken identity. This made the proceedings very quick and the hearing and the proceedings did not take a long duration.The evidence produced by the plaintiff did not link directly to the defendant. The could only prove that he was a suspect because he had some pints of wine and also being near the pool room but no proof of his presence in it. The comparison The courtrooms I visited had some differences and similarities. For example in some courtrooms you were allowed to access the room with a mobile phone but it should remain switched off, while in others one was supposed to leave any electronic gadget or anything that could cause harm at the reception.This is especially in those cases that had restrictions to the media. Search for weapons was inevitable for security reasons. The judges had different reactions and moods depending on the case. If the case had a lot of pressure there were heated arguments and the judge and the judges were very active. They would ask questions in some instances. In other cases the rooms had a bored mood and the judge could even fall asleep. The judge would remain uninvolved in the case. I observed this in a civil case the 501 building in St. Petersburg at 501 1st Avenue North St.Petersburg, FL 33701 on June 11 2010. The suit was filed woman and her former husband and the dispute involved the sharing of the family property. They had recently divorced and the husband decided the wife could only get a third share of the property. Unlike the first case where the judge was actively involved by asking question and seeking clarification, in this case the judge listened quietly without intervention. The judge only took down a few notes and the rest of the time he just watched and listened . The facts and evidence produced were so obvious.Those who followed the proceedings were also very bored. The disposition of this case was that the property in question was to be shared equally between the couple. The disposition of this case was so obvious and thus the quiet mood in the room. The attorneys were also very calm and did not show much aggressiveness like in the first criminal case. The only client who appeared active was the plaintiff, who on several instances had to be warned by the judge about her explosive behavior. In other instances accessing a courtroom could be very difficult.Only those involved in the case are allowed to access them. On the 17th May 2010, I attended the 501 building in St. Petersburg at 501 1st Avenue North St. Petersburg, FL 33701, where the case involved a limited company and a former employee. Only those who were involved in this case were allowed in. I however managed to convince the security team that I was a law student conducting a research and was allowed in. The restrictions were in favor of the company’s public image, which was a leading company globally and could not risk the integrity. The judge looked serious and very involved.The room had very few people and tension was high. The attorneys were very aggressive and the judge was actively involved. The Jury followed the proceedings very attentively. The defendant was accused of violating the rights of the plaintiff a former employee in it, where the plaintiff was forced to work for more hours and was fired without any definite reason. Like in the first case, the judge listened attentively and asked questions during the proceedings. The questions were to clarify the issues that could be relevant in determining the case .The reasons stated by the defendants for their action was that the plaintiff was unproductive at work and showed some negative attitude. The defendant managed to convince the court on the negative attitude of the plaintiff but failed to prove his unproductiveness. The defendant claimed that on particular occasion the plaintiff did not report to work and had no reason a claim refu ted by the defendant. Some records that showed the employees attendance were missing; they could have been some crucial evidence. The disposition of this case was that the defendant was guilty.They were to pay the plaintiff an amount that was to be discussed by their attorneys. Unlike the first two cases this case took one month to be decided. The hearing was made on the 25th June 2010. I attended all the three proceedings. The second proceeding was on the 4th June 2010. The fourth case was at the criminal Justice center at 14250 49th street North Clearwater, FL 33762. In this case the plaintiff was a young man who was assaulted by a security guard, the defendant, at a public facility. The hearing was held on July 12 2010. This case proceeding was open to everyone and the courtroom was very crowded.There was the usual security check but not many restrictions. Security checks are a must at all the court entrances but the restrictions depend on the case and those who are involved. The judge was active. Her name was Justice Rene Raymond. The attorneys were very active with instances of heated arguments like in the first and third case. The security guard claimed that the young man was disturbing the public. The evidence brought before the court and from the witnesses showed that the plaintiff had actually caused commotion in the public facility.The issue in this case was the assault. The judge argued that the plaintiff had actually caused disturbance to the people and thus the reason for the assault. Therefore the plaintiff lost the suit. This disposition was fair. There were similarities in these cases in that in most of the criminal cases the judges were very active since the involved so many details that had to be unveiled and clarified so as to make a sound judgment. The crowding of the courtrooms however varied. The dispositions were based on the evidence produced and not just mere claims.This is because in a law court everything said should be proved and a judge should not base the decision on blank claims. Conclusion The research shows that every case proceeding has its own procedures although others are similar. The issue of security is emphasized in all courts. In some cases members of the public are restricted, while others are open to everyone. The mood and involvement of the judge and the courtroom in general depends on the case. Some cases have so much pressure that the judge is very active and attentive. The decisions are based on the evidence produced before the court.REFERENCES Heumann, M. (1981). Plea Bargaining: The Experiences of Prosecutors, Judges, and Defense Attorneys. Chicago: University of Chicago press. Samuelson, P. (1984). Good Legal Writing: of Orwell and Window Panes. University of Pittsburgh Law Review 149 retrieved on July 12 2010 from http://people. ischool. berkeley. edu/~pam/papers/goodwriting. html Mauk, D. & Oakland, J. (2005). American civilization: an introduction. New York, NY: Routledge. Carmen, R. V . (2009). Criminal Procedure: Law and Practice. . Florence: Wadsworth Publishing